fig. 1

Photic stimulation evokes CSD in the visual cortex primed with around-the threshold dose of ouabain. A shows the DC potential recordings from 2 extracranial electrodes placed 1 mm apart anterior to the cranial window opened over the occipital cortex. Ouabain (0.1 mM) application over the dura induced a single CSD. After a silent period of 30 min without any CSD, photic stimulation (1 min at 12 Hz) evoked a CSD in this mouse. Below schematics illustrate the placement of electrodes and cranial window over the mouse skull and photic stimulation setup (right). B illustrates that penetration of the fluorescent-labeled ouabain (BODIPY 0.1 mM, epidural) is limited to the superficial layers of the cortex. C shows another example of CSD evoked with photic stimulation. The distance between CSD generating primed occipital cortex area and recording electrodes causes the latency between the photic stimulation pulse and DC shifts