Table 1 Main characteristics of studies reporting overall headache prevalence in children and adolescents. H: Headache; Q: Questionnaire; I: Interview; ICHD: International Classification of Headache Disorders; M: Migraine; TTH: Tension Type Headache; Y:Yes; N:No
From: Primary headache epidemiology in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Author (ref) | Country, City | Design | Target Population | Data Collection | Simple Size | Age Range | Assessment Headache | Diagnostic Criteria | Prevalence Headache (%) | Primary Headache | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | All | M | TTH | |||||||||
Akyol A et al., 2007[14] | Aydın, Turkey | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2004 | 7721 | 9–17 | Q | ICHD-2 | 87.1 | 79.6 | 83.3 | Y | N |
Albashtawy M et al., 2019[15] | Jordan, Mafraq | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2017 | 754 | 16–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | - | - | 67.2 | Y | Y |
Alp R et al., 2010[16] | Turkey, Agri | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2006 | 1358 | 11–18 | I | ICHD-2 | - | - | 34.8 | Y | Y |
Ando N et al., 2007[17] | Japan | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2004 | 6472 | 12–15 | Q | ICHD-2 | - | - | 59.8 | Y | N |
Anttila P et al., 2002[18] | Finland, Turku | Cross-sectional | School-based | 1998 | 1409 | 12 | Q | ICHD-1 | - | - | 64.1 | Y | Y |
Assadi M et al., 2012[19] | USA | Cross sectional | School-based | - | 309 | 14–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | 88.0 | - | 88.0 | Y | N |
Barea LM et al., 1996[20] | Brazil, Porto Alegre | Cross sectional | School-based | 1993–1994 | 538 | 10–18 | Q + I | ICHD-1 | 94.4 | 92.3 | 93.3 | Y | Y |
Bektaş O et al., 2015[21] | Turkey, Ankara | Cross sectional | School-based | 2011–2012 | 5355 | 9–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | 42.9 | 35.9 | 39.4 | Y | Y |
Blaschek A et al., 2012[22] | Germany, Munich | Cross-sectional | School-based | - | 1260 | 15–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | - | - | 83.1 | Y | Y |
Bugdayci R et al., 2005[23] | Turkey, Mersin | Cross-sectional | School-based | - | 5562 | 8–16 | Q + I | ICHD-1 | 52.8 | 46.2 | 49.2 | N | N |
Cerutti R et al., 2016[24] | Italy | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2013–2014 | 841 | 10–16 | Q | ICHD-3 | 32.6 | 23.7 | 28.1 | Y | Y |
Cvetković VV et al., 2014[25] | Croatia | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2008 | 2057 | 14–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | 35.1 | 25.2 | 30.1 | Y | Y |
Ezeala-Adikaibe B et al., 2017[26] | Nigeria, Enugu State | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2016 | 218 | 10–18 | Q + I | ICHD-3 | 53.2 | 44.9 | 49.4 | N | Y |
Fendrich K et al., 2007[27] | West Pomerania, Germany | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2003–2004 | 3324 | 12–15 | Q | ICHD-2 | 78.9 | 59.5 | 69.4 | Y | Y |
Fuh JL et al., 2010[28] | Taiwan, Taitung | Cross-sectional | Population based | 2005 | 3955 | 13–15 | Q | ICHD-2 | 69.9 | 54.9 | 62.2 | Y | N |
Gupta R et al., 2008[29] | India | Cross-sectional | School-based | - | 2235 | 12–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | 60.6 | 55.5 | 57.5 | Y | Y |
Heinrich M et al., 2009[30] | Germany, Hannover, Saxony | Cross-sectional | Population based | 2003–2004 | 3833 | 9–14 | Q | ICHD-2 | 68.5 | 62.0 | 66.3 | Y | Y |
Hommer R et al., 2022[31] | United States | Cross-sectional | Population based | 2001–2004 | 10,123 | 13–18 | Q + I | ICHD-3 | 32.2 | 21.8 | 26.9 | Y | N |
Kaltseis K et al., 2022[32] | Austria-Italy, North-Tyrol and Bruneck | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2015–2018 | 1923 | 14–18 | I | ICHD-3 | 56.4 | 37.6 | 48.4 | Y | Y |
Kawatu N et al., 2022[33] | Zambia, Lusaka, Copperbelt | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2017–2018 | 1474 | 12–17 | Q | ICHD-3 | - | - | 87.3 | Y | Y |
Krogh AB et al., 2015[34] | Norway, Sør-Trøndelag | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2011–2012 | 488 | 12–18 | Q + I | ICHD-3 | 93.8 | 79.7 | 88.0 | Y | Y |
Lateef T et al., 2019[35] | USA | Cross-sectional | School-based, Population based | 2001–2004 | 10,123 | 13–18 | Q + I | ICHD-3 | 16.3 | 9.4 | 12.7 | N | N |
Lipton RB et al., 2011[36] | USA | Cross-sectional | Population based | - | 24,712 | 12–17 | Q + I | ICHD-2 | - | - | 39.5 | N | N |
Liu HY et al., 2012[37] | Taiwan, Taitung | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2009 | 663 | 12–15 | Q | ICHD-2 | 65.8 | 46.6 | 56.0 | Y | Y |
Lu S et al., 2000[38] | Taiwan | Cross-sectional | Population based | 1998–1999 | 4064 | 13–15 | Q + I | ICHD-1 | 87.9 | 81.3 | 84.6 | Y | N |
Luvsannorov O et al., 2020[39] | Mongolia | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2018 | 4226 | 12–17 | Q | ICHD-3 | - | - | 80.7 | Y | Y |
Malik HA et al., 2012[40] | India, Srinagar | Cross-sectional | School-based | - | 5000 | 8–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | 79.3 | 50.9 | 66.4 | Y | Y |
Ofovwe G et al., 2010[41] | Nigeria, Benin | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2008 | 1679 | 11–18 | Q | ICHD-2 | 25.5 | 14.0 | 19.5 | Y | Y |
Philipp J et al., 2019[42] | Austria | Cross-sectional | School-based | - | 3386 | 10–18 | Q | ICHD-3 | 82.1 | 67.7 | 75.7 | Y | Y |
Pothrnann R et al., 1994[43] | Germany, Wuppertal, Mettmann | Cross-sectional | School-based | 1989–1991 | 4835 | 8–16 | Q | ICHD-1 | 91.4 | 87.2 | 88.1 | Y | Y |
Raieli V et al., 1995[44] | Italy, Palermo | Cross-sectional | School-based | 1988–1989 | 1445 | 11–14 | Q + I | ICHD-1 | 28.1 | 19.9 | 23.9 | Y | N |
Turkdogan D et al., 2006[45] | Istanbul, Maltepe | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2003 | 2504 | 10–17 | I | ICHD-2 | - | - | 19.3 | Y | Y |
Togha M et al., 2022[46] | Iran | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2018–2019 | 3244 | 11–17 | Q | ICHD-3 | 72.7 | 69.0 | 70.9 | Y | Y |
Torres-Ferrus M et al., 2019[47] | Spain, Catalonia | Cross-sectional | School-based | 2015–2016 | 1619 | 12–18 | Q | ICHD-3 | 35.1 | 25.5 | 30.5 | N | N |
Waldie KE et al., 2014[48] | New Zealand, Auckland | Case–control | Population based | 1995–2010 | 617 | 11 | I | ICHD-3 | - | - | 42.8 | Y | Y |
Zwart JA et al., 2003[49] | Norway | Cross-sectional | School-based | 1995–1997 | 5847 | 12–18 | Q + I | ICHD-1 | 84.2 | 69.4 | 76.8 | Y | Y |