Fig. 1

Theoretical involvement of inflammatory molecules in migraine attack: When immune cells become activated, they modify the microenvironment around the TS by releasing inflammatory substances cytokines, chemokines and neuropeptides. These substances prompt the widening of blood vessels in the dura mater and affect the integrity of tight junctions between endothelial cells. Through this process, activated trigeminal neurons send signals to higher brain regions, leading to the sensation of pain and heightened sensitivity. TNC: nucleus trigeminus caudalis, TRG: trigeminal ganglion PAG: periaqueductal grey, LC: locus coeruleus TH: thalamus, SSC: somatosensory cortex