Fig. 5

Mitochondial dysfuction and AMPK-PGC-1α activation were observed after SNI. A GSEA results for enrichment of oxidative stress response. B Schematic diagram of the experimental flow. C Volcano plot showing the significantly upregulated and downregulated genes between SNI and AS-TSPO groups, n = 3 per group. D PCR array heat map illustrating the relative mRNA levels of mitochondrial injury-related genes, including those associated with fusion and fission, between the SNI and AS-TSPO groups, n = 3 per group. E Western blot showing the expression levels of p-AMPK, AMPK, PGC-1α, MFN2 and TFAM in SNI and AS-TSPO groups. F–H Levels of antioxidant stress markers (GSH, SOD) and oxidative stress marker (MDA) in different groups, n = 6 per group. I Representative transmission electron microscopy images of mitochondria in the spinal dorsal horn of indicated groups, scale bar = 2 μm. Data are represented as mean ± SEM, ***p < 0.001