Table 1 Summary characteristics of included studies
From: Association between proton pump inhibitor use and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study ID | Country | Study design | Male % | Mean age | Sample size | Study period | Diagnosis criteria | Data source and population characteristics | Exposure and non-exposure groups | Follow-up duration | Adjusted variables | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pisanu,2021 [38] | UK | Retrospective cohort study | Case- 22.6 Control- 46.6 | 57 | 468,280 | 2006–2010 | ICD-10 criteria | Data from UKB | Exposure group: Participants treated with PPIs Non-exposure group: Participants not treated with PPIs | Avg. follow-up of 10.06 years | Gender, age, BMI, comorbidities, med intake, dose intake | Migraines more common in PPI-treated participants, especially among men and those with slower PPI metabolism CYP2C19 phenotypes. |
Liang,2015 [13] | Taiwan | Case-crossover design | 41.2 | 41.9 | 314,210 | 1998–2010 | ICD-9 criteria | Data from Taiwan NHIRD (1995–2010) | Patients with PPI prescriptions during case periods | NA | Age, sex, income, region, BP, BG, cholesterol, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, GERD treatment, treatment duration, co-medications | PPI use linked to a higher risk of acute headache, varying risks by gender and specific PPI. |
Kang,2022 [20] | Korea | Case-control study | 33.6 | 58.6 | 44,168 | 2002–2015 | ICD-10 criteria | Data from KNHIS-HSC | Exposure group: Participants with PPI use history within 30–365 days prior to migraine diagnosis Non-exposure group: No PPI use in the specified timeframe | Data from 2002 to 2015 | Age, sex, income, region, BP, BG, cholesterol, weight, smoking, alcohol consumption, GERD treatment, treatment duration, co-medications | Potential association between prior PPI use and onset of migraines, with or without aura, in the Korean population. |
Makunts,2019 [31] | US | Retrospective cohort study | 28.52 | 58.3 | 732,696 | 1999–2012 | NA | Data from FDA AERS | Exposure group: Patients using PPIs as monotherapy Non-exposure: Patients using H2RAs as monotherapy | Post-marketing analysis from Jan 2004 to Mar 2018 | Age, sex, race, poverty, BMI, caffeine intake, alcohol intake, HEI-2010 | Significant link between PPI monotherapy and neurological or neurosensory ADRs. |
Slavin,2024 [39] | US | Cross-sectional study | 52 | 40–60 (maximum) | 11,818 | 1999–2004 | Self-reported data from NHANES | Data from NHANES | Exposure group: Participants using acid-suppression therapy including PPIs, H2RAs Non-exposure group: Participants not using any acid-suppression therapy. | Cross-sectional analysis; data from 1999 to 2004 | Age, sex, race, poverty, BMI, caffeine intake, alcohol intake, HEI-2010 | Positive association between migraines or severe headaches and use of acid-suppressing medications, including PPIs, H2RAs, and antacids. |