Fig. 1

Experiment paradigm of the study. On the first day, participants adhered to their regular sleep patterns and underwent an initial MRI scan at 8:00. ASD session commenced at 8:00 on the first day and continued until 8:00 on the second day, followed by a second MRI scan. Abbreviations: MWoA Migraine without aura, HCs healthy controls, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, ASD Acute sleep deprivation