Table 2 A summary of studies covering blood biomarkers in headaches’ differentiation
Ref. | Year | Population | Comparison | Biomarker | Results | Methodology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mauskop et al. [44] | 1994 | 26 pts with daily MIG headache | 21 pts with daily TTH | Mg | ↑ serum ionized Mg in 30.8% MIG pts compared to 4.5% of TTH ↑ ionized Ca/Mg ratio in 61.5% MIG pts compared to 36.4% of TTH | ionized Mg with ion selective electrodes total serum Mg by atomic absorption spectroscopy ratios calculated |
Sarchielli et al. [34] | 1992 | 41 MO pts 29 MA pts 30 TTH pts | 40 HC | Mg | ↓ Mg in MA and MO than in TTH ↓ Mg in MA, MO, and TTH than in HC | serum Mg by atomic absorption spectroscopy |
Leone et al. [35] | 1994 | 12 MO pts 12 chronic TTH pts | 12 HC | leukocytes subsets | ↑ B-lymphocytes level in TTH than HC ↓ CD8 T-cells level in MIG than TTH and HC ↑ CD4/CD8 in MIG than TTH | cells counted by Coulter Counter ratios calculated |
Ferrari et al. [45] | 1990 | 10 MA pts 21 MO pts 9 TTH pts | 9 HC | MET in PLT and PLT-poor plasma MET | ↑ PLT MET in MO than TTH and HC ↑ plasma-MET in TTH than in MIG ↑ MET ratio in MIG than in TTH and HC ↑ PLT and plasma-MET during MIG attacks than interictally | PLT counted electronically MET determined by RIA |
Cernuda-Morrolón et al. [46] | 2013 | 103 CM female pts 43 EM female pts 14 CH pts | 31 female HC | CGRP | ↑ CGRP in CM than in EM, CH, and HC | CGRP by ELISA absorption levels with a spectrophotometer |
Cernuda-Morrolón et al. [47] | 2015 | 119 CM female pts 51 EM female pts 18 CH pts | 33 female HC | VIP | ↑ VIP in CM than in CH and HC ↑ VIP in EM than in HC NSD between EM and CM (numerically ↑ VIP in CM) | VIP by ELISA absorption levels with a spectrophotometer |
Forcelini et al. [36] | 2011 | 17 MOH pts | 17 MO/CM pts | leukocytes subsets, haemoglobin, haematocrit | ↑ lymphocyte count in MOH pts than in MO pts NSD between any other groups | WBC counted, haemoglobin, haematocrit in Cell Dyn 3000 |
Carlsen et al. [48] | 2023 | 120 MOH pts | 29 EM pts 28 HC | leukocytes subsets | ↑ neutrophile/lymphocyte ratio in MOH than in control group ↑ reduction of headache days/month associated with ↓ neutrophile/lymphocyte ratio | by DNA extraction, bisulfite-convertion and analysis |
Fan et al. [49] | 2019 | 68 MIG paediatric pts | 30 non-MIG headache paediatric pts 22 healthy children | CGRP | ↑ CGRP in MIG pts than in non-MIG pts and HC (ictally and interictally) | CGRP by ELISA |
Yang et al. [50] | 2023 | ML predictive model based on 121,241 pts | - | blood parameters and their ratios, patient’s features | accuracy of 0.7405 sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 58%, false negative rate: 10%, false positive rate: 42% | data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink prediction model developed by using two ML-based approaches data normalization and optimization by min–max scaling |
Zhang et al. [51] | 2019 | 46 spontaneous SAH pts | 68 headache pts due to other causes | PT, INR, APTT, TT, fibrynogen and DD | NSD in PT, INR, TT, fibrynogen APTT accuracy: 0.721; DD accuracy: 0.886 cut-off values: 25.2s (sensitivity: 73.53%, specificity: 60.87%) for APTT; 0.31 mg/L (sensitivity: 83.82%, specificity: 84.7%) for DD | data gathered from medical records from the Fourth Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine |