Table 2 Baseline demographics and characteristics of the total study population

Demographic characteristics

Age, mean ± SD, years

44.1 ± 12.3

46.1 ± 12.1

43.4 ± 12.2

41.2 ± 11.8

Female sex, n (%)

563 (90.4%)

252 (89.4%)

238 (91.9%)

132 (85.7%)

BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m²

25.1 ± 4.9

24.8 ± 4.6

25.6 ± 5.4

24.7 ± 4.0

Current smoking, n (%)^†

66 (10.7%)

27 (9.7%)

24 (9.3%)

20 (13.4%)

Clinical characteristics

Migraine with aura, n (%)

183 (29.4%)

81 (28.7%)

77 (29.7%)

-

Chronic migraine, n (%)

406 (65.2%)

171 (60.6%)

184 (71.0%)

-

Medication-overuse, n (%)

345 (55.4%)

164 (58.2%)

140 (54.1%)

-

Headache frequency (28 days), mean ± SD

-

-

-

-

 MHDs

18.4 (7.3)

17.3 (7.3)

19.4 (7.0)

-

 MMDs

13.5 (6.5)

12.8 (6.1)

14.2 (6.8)

-

 Monthly acute medication days

11.0 (6.0)

11.0 (5.6)

11.2 (6.2)

-

Use of preventive migraine medication, n (%)

314 (50.4%)

145 (51.4%)

124 (47.9%)

-

≥ 3 preventive medication failures, n (%)

208 (33.4%)

77 (27.3%)

104 (40.2%)

-

Comorbidity, n (%)

-

-

-

-

 Autoimmune disorders

69 (11.1%)

38 (13.5%)

26 (10.0%)

-

 Daily low back pain

61 (9.8%)

29 (10.3%)

21 (8.1%)

-

 Daily neck pain

92 (14.8%)

47 (16.7%)

33 (12.7%)

-

 Hypertension

67 (10.8%)

26 (9.2%)

33 (12.7%)

-

 Other cardiovascular disorders

39 (6.3%)

14 (5.0%)

20 (7.7%)

-

 Anxiety

60 (9.6%)

27 (9.6%)

25 (9.7%)

-

 Depression

61 (9.8%)

23 (8.2%)

27 (10.4%)

-