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Table 2 Technical and clinical outcomes after CSFVF embolization

From: The impact of CSF venous fistula embolization on patient’s quality of life, a longitudinal clinical-radiological exploration

EMBOLIZATION

 

Number of patients

%

Successful embolization (number of CSFVF)

30 (48)

100%

Overall Complications

10

33%

 Permanent complications

0

0%

 Transient complications

10

33%

 Type of complication

  

  - Transient local pain

  - Perforation of the epidural plexus

  - Onyx migration into the Azygos vein

7

1

2

23%

3%

6%

Overall rate of recurrent symptoms

3

10%

Overall rate of patients requiring repeated CSFVF embolization

3

10%

Patients developing post-treatment rebound headache

12

40%

Patients receiving medical treatment for rebound headache

6

20%

CLINICAL SYMPTOM EVOLUTION AFTER EMBOLIZATION

 

Number of patients

Recovery after CSFVF embolization

 

Complete

Partial

No recovery

Global

Self-evaluated improvement after treatment

30 (100%)

19 (63%)

11 (37%)

0

Headaches

    

Headache

28 (93%)

18 (64%)

10 (35%)

0 (0%)

 Orthostatic

19 (68%)

15 (79%)

4 (21%)

0 (0%)

 Non-Orthostatic

3 (10%)

2 (67%)

0 (0%)

1 (33%)

 Exertion

22 (78%)

19 (86%)

3 (13,6%)

0 (0%)

 Cough

20 (71%)

18 (90%)

2 (10%)

0 (0%)

Audio-vestibular

Dizziness/Vertigo

19 (63%)

8 (42%)

7 (37%)

5 (26%) *

Tinnitus

13 (43%)

5 (38%)

3 (23%)

7 (54%) **

Hearing disturbance

12 (40%)

3(25%)

4 (33%)

5 (42%)

Psychological

Depression

15 (50%)

9 (60%)

5 (33%)

1 (7%)

Anxiety

19 (63%)

8 (42%)

6 (32%)

5 (26%)

Suicide ideation

3 (10%)

3 (100%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

  1. Psychological symptoms were considered positive when above the clinical threshold on any relevant clinical scale. *One patient developed dizziness symptomatology after embolization. **Two patients developed tinnitus after embolization